Tuesday 17 December 2013

Newark's BRAZUCAS' origins



Brazucas, U.S.A.

Not even in my wildest dream had I ever imagined - when I first thought about moving to the U.S.A. - that I would live in an American city where I could go down Main Street and meet fellows who spoke my own language. Not even in São Paulo I would see so many familiar faces on the streets as in Newark, N.J. I should add that 'Main Street' here is none other than Ferry Street in the Ironbound, Newark, N.J. in the early 1970s

The Ironbound section of Newark, N.J. had been chosen by Portuguese migrants  who abandoned the Massachusetts industrial area around Boston whose shoemaking industry was in decline circa 1910.  

Coisa que eu nunca esperava quando planejei ir p’ros U.S.A. é que eu viveria numa cidade norte-americana onde, andando pelas ruas, encontraria fulano, sicrano e beltrano que já era seu conhecido, além de conterrâneo. Nem no próprio Brasil, pelo menos na cidade de São Paulo, a gente tem essa experiência. Isso só acontece em cidade do interior. Newark, de-repente, era uma cidade-do-interior, onde você desce a Ferry Street e diz ‘Oi’, ‘Tudo bem?’ e coisas afins.

A brasileirada gostava de conversar sobre como chegara aos Estados Unidos. Naquele tempo ainda não havia casos de gente atravessando a fronteira mexicana à nado, dentro de porta-malas de carros ou caminhando pelo deserto do Arizona, como nos dias de hoje.  Aquele tempo era mais civilizado que agora. A maioria dos brazucas tinha chegado aos EUA de avião e gostava de citar nomes de companhias aéreas, que naquele tempo eram principalmente a Braniff International e Aerolineas Peruanas. Essa última era famosa por ser a mais barata e fuleira. Diziam que algumas família traziam até galinhas. Obviamente isso era apenas força-de-expressão, para caracterizar a ‘carrier’ como ‘pau-de-arara’ aéreo.

A maioria dos brasileiros era composta de mineiros, isso não há duvidas. De-repente a gente começava a distinguir nomes de várias cidades mineiras, como Governador Valadares, com seu contingente esmagador, Belo Horizonte, sua capital, e outras cidades que ‘popped up in conversations’. 

Surpreendente também foi a constatação do número de paraenses que viviam por lá. Conheci vários paraenses e sempre fiquei encafifado, querendo saber a razão disso. Foi preciso o aparecimento da Internet para eu, finalmente, inferir a razão dos paraenses terem sido os primeiros brasileiros a imigrarem para essa região.

Origem dos portugueses de Newark, N.J.

A presença de portugueses em Newark vem das décadas de 1910 e 1920, quando houve uma debandada deles de Massachusetts e outros estados de New England (Nova Inglaterra), cuja indústria de calçados  estava em declínio. Os sapateiros lusos mudaram-se em bandos para a região de Newark, N.J. para trabalhar numa industria diversificada em expansão.

Origem dos brasileiros de Newark, N.J.

O português Daniel Albino Rodrigues e sua mulher Elvira, chegaram em Newark em 1925. Eles vinham de Belém, do Pará, onde trabalharam na indústria da borracha, que entrara em decadência. Desembarcaram nas docas do Brooklyn-NY, que era onde a borracha brasileira era descarregada, e vieram se juntar aos portugueses oriundos de Massachusets, que haviam se estabelecido em Newark 15 anos antes. 

Ora, não precisa de muita inteligência para inferir que os Rodrigues eram conhecidos de vários paraenses que fizeram o mesmo caminho que o casal. Portanto aí está a explicação do porque os paraenses serem os primeiros brasileiros a povoar a comunidade dos ‘futuros brazucas’ de Newark.  

Daniel 'Albino' & Elvira construíram uma casa para si na 91 McWhorter Street, em 1946, e viveram lá até seus falecimentos na década de 80.

os nomes dos pioneiros Daniel Albino e Elvira Rodrigues se transformaram em nome de praça em Newark, N.J. 

leia mais sobre o assunto: http://newarkhistory.com/mcwhorterst.html

Most of the Portuguese in Newark immigrated in the 1950s or after, yet, the Ironbound has had a substantial Portuguese presence since the 1910s-1920s, when Portuguese immigrants fled the declining shoe industry in New England to find work in booming industrial Newark.

91 McWhorter Street was the home of Dan and Elvira Rodrigues, "the Mayor and Mayoress of McWhorter Street." Daniel "Albino" Rodrigues came to Newark in 1925 at age 23, from Portugal by way of the Brooklyn docks and the rubber industry of Brazil. He and Elvira ran Dan's Friendly Oil Service in the Ironbound. They built this house themselves in 1946 and lived here until they died in the 1980s.

Dan and Elvira were very community spirited. In 1959, Dan & Elvira set sail for Portugal carrying 66 trunks of clothing for the poor. Elvira was active in the Democratic party, registering thousands of new Americans as first time voters. Dan was a trustee of the Newark Public Library.

McWhorter Street was named after the Rev. Dr. Alexander McWhorter, the Scotch-Irish pastor of the Old First Presbyterian Church. McWhorter was a supporter of the American Revolution, a historian of Newark, and the organizer of Newark's first July 4th parade, held back in 1788.
Avião da PanAm sobrevoa a cidade de Belém-PA circa 1952. Belém era escala obrigatória de aviões provenientes do Rio, Montevideo ou Buenos Aires dirigindo-se aos Estados Unidos.

Manhattan calling!

Desde o início de meu plano de ir morar nos EEUU, eu pensava que meu destino final seria a ilha de Manhattan, que é New York propriamente dito. Mas o destino, pelas mãos de dona Lícia, me jogou algumas milhas à oeste de tal paraíso. 

Cheguei nos U.S.A. num sábado, 2 Outubro 1971. No final do dia eu já estava estabelecido num quarto, que dividia com um português que tinha chegado do Brasil 2 semanas antes que eu. Tendo dormido o sono dos justos, no domingo de manhã, acordei com muito entusiasmo, pois queria continuar minha 'inspeção' da Ilha de Manhattan, que tinha visto muito pouco no sábado. 

Não podia perder um minuto. Logo de manhã desci a Wilson Avenue, entrei na Ferry Street até lá em baixo e peguei o ônibus, que saía de debaixo das linhas férreas da Pennsylvania Station de Newark, que cruzam a Market Street. O preço do ônibus era 2 dólares e alguns centavos; eu não sabia que existia o trem PATH, que custava 4 vezes menos que o ônibus. 

Mas, ir para Manhattan de ônibus era muito gostoso, pois corria-se por estradas aéreas, e a paisagem era da mais interessante, pois, sendo outono, as cores das árvores eram de avermelhadas a amareladas, até chegarem a um marrom forte e daí, as folhas caírem mortas no chão. Sempre um espetáculo aos olhos a mudança outonal de cores das árvores.

Depois da New Jersey Turnpike o ônibus entra no Lincoln Tunnel, atravessando o rio Hudson por debaixo, para já subir pela rampa até o 4o. andar do Port Authority Bus Terminal. Deixando o ônibus, desce-se várias escadas-rolantes até a Eighth Avenue com 41st Street, anda-se um pouquinho à esquerda e já entra-se no burburinho da 42nd Street.   

Tudo isso era uma festa para os meus quatro sentidos. Na 42nd Street anda-se um quarteirão até a 7th Avenue & Broadway, e você já está em Times Square. Isso era festa para minha alma. Dobrando-se à direita vai-se em direção ao Empire State Building, na 34th Street. Dobrando-se à esquerda v. vai dar no Rockfeller Center, 46th Street e Central Park. Como diz a musica: ‘they say the neon lights are bright on Broadway / they say there's always magic in the air’. Neon lights por todos os lugares.  As luzinhas piscando nas marquises dos cinemas da 42nd Street. 

Me lembro que certa tarde amena e ensolarada, talvez ainda em outubro, fui até o Central Park. Sentei-me por lá para apreciar a paisagem. Havia um rapaz norte-americano por perto, vestido num casaco de exército alemão, ouvindo um aparelho de som. Eu comentei alguma coisa sobre os Rolling Stones, já que estava tocando ‘Brown sugar’. O rapaz, que talvez não quisesse conversa, foi irônico e comentou algo que os Stones eram os melhores do mundo. Logo em seguida tocou ‘Wild horses’, linda balada que eu ainda não conhecia.  Notei que havia uma relutância da parte dele em admitir que eu, sendo um ‘estrangeiro escuro e ignorante’, pudesse gostar do ‘supra-sumo’ do rock-branco. De-repente passou um helicóptero por perto, ele o apontou e perguntou se existia helicópteros no meu país de origem, com deliberada intenção de me rebaixar. Depois disso ficou bem claro que o desdém inicial dele havia se transformado em quase agressão, algo que eu experimentaria inúmeras vezes em minha estada por lá. Esse foi meu primeiro contacto com o preconceito e a intolerância racial dos norte-americanos brancos. Foi meu ‘batismo’ na terra do Tio Sam, onde Igualdade é uma palavra que só existe escrita na Constituição ou livros de filosofia, pois Igualdade, na verdade é um mito. 

Mesmo assim eu não esmoreci. Caminhando pela Eighth Avenue eu passei por uma loja de disco e comprei o LP ‘Parsely, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme’, de Simon & Garfunkel, pois eu achava a capa bem bonita. Toda vez que ia a Manhattan eu comprava um LP. Um luxo que eu não podia fazer no Brasil. 

Nessas primeiras semanas eu fui assistir ao documentário ‘Gimme shelter’, dos Rolling Stones, onde o Mick Jagger cantava justamente ‘Wild horses’, uma musica muito linda, realmente.  Foi num daqueles cinemas da 3rd ou 1st Avenue, que são mais ‘chics’.

Na segunda-feira, dia 4 de Outubro 1971, eu conheci os outros três moradores do quarto contíguo ao nosso.
McWhorter & Lafayette Street.
90 McWhorter Street - the house Daniel and Elvira lived since the 1920s.
Within the red circle are McWhorter & Hamilton Streets. The smaller red circle on the right is 112 Ferry Street, where Tia Eugênia used to have her newsagency, a point of congregation of Brazilian expats in the late 60s & early 70s. 
This is Hamilton Street, one of the last brick streets in Newark. Another brick street is North End, which was featured in On Broadway.

In Phillip Roth's 'American Pastoral', Merry Levov, a 1960s terrorist, eventually renounces all violence, becomes a Jain, and settles here on Hamilton Street.
a larger map of the area where one can see Independence Park aka Mosquito Park by Brazilians who lived in the vicinity. 

Tuesday 24 September 2013

1968 - 1969 - 1970 & 1971 US News

This blog is mainly about my experiences being an immigrant in the USA. I arrived in New York on 2nd October 1971, with very little knowledge oif the English language.

This particular page is about political facts that happened in the USA in the previous 3 years before I got there.

I decided to start with the dreadful Chicago Democratic Convention in 1968, then cover the Chicago 8 trial plus part of the reactionary Nixon administration.

Chicago - Anti-war protesters confront federal troops in Grant Park during the Democratic National Convention, 1968.
Activists Jerry Rubin (left), Abbie Hoffman (center), and Rennie Davis speak with the press during a recess in their trial. The three are facing charges for conspiring to start the riots that tore through Chicago during the 1968 Democratic Convention."
25 January 1971.
The Baltimore Four - 27 October 1967
The Milwaukee 14 against the Milwaukee Draft Boards - 24 September 1968
The Catonsville Nine - 8 November 1968
The Chicago 15
The Boston Eight
The Camden 28 Group
The Buffalo Five
The Harrisburg Seven - 1970

5 July 1971Daniel Ellsberg as a marine in 1954


Paul Krassner, anarchist, prankster and a Yippies founder, dies at 87


Joseph Berger for The New York Times,
21 July 2019

He was a prankster, a master of the put-on that thumbed its nose at what he saw as a stuffy and blundering political establishment.

And as much as anyone else, Paul Krassner epitomized a strain of anarchic 1960s activism — one that became identified with the Yippies (Youth International Party) as they nominated a pig for president and rained dollar bills onto the floor of the New York Stock Exchange. Along with Abbie  Hoffman and Jerry Rubin and a few others, Mr. Krassner helped found that group, and he also joined Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters on their LSD-fueled bus trip across America.

He was the founder and editor of The Realist, among the earliest underground humor magazines, one that was known for outlandish and raunchy cartoons and iconoclastic political and social commentary. Its contributors included Norman Mailer, Jules Feiffer, Terry Southern, Joseph Heller, Mort Sahl, Edward Sorel and Robert Grossman. With some very long breaks, it endured into the 21st century.

Yet so naturally irreverent was Mr. Krassner that when People magazine labeled him the “father of the underground press,” he demanded a paternity test.

In all, he helped propagate a certain absurdist sensibility that encouraged people like the cartoonists R. Crumb and Art Spiegelman and the comedian George Carlin to be more daring in mocking the insanities and hypocrisies of war, politics and much of modern life.

Mr. Krassner died on Sunday, 21st July 2019, at his home in Desert Hot Springs, Calif., his daughter, Holly Krassner Dawson, said. He was 87. She did not give a cause, but said he had been in hospice care.

Mr. Krassner was writing freelance pieces for Mad magazine in 1958 when he realized that there was no equivalent satirical publication for adults; Mad, he could see, was largely targeted at teenagers. So he started The Realist out of the Mad offices, and it began regular monthly publication. By 1967 its circulation had peaked at 100,000.

“I had no role models and no competition, just an open field mined with taboos waiting to be exploded,” Mr. Krassner wrote in his autobiography.

The magazine’s most famous cartoon was one, drawn in 1967 by the Mad artist Wally Wood, of an orgy featuring Snow White, Donald Duck and a bevy of Disney characters enjoying a variety of sexual positions. (Mickey Mouse is shown shooting heroin.) Later, digitally colored by a former Disney artist, it became a hot-selling poster that supplied Mr. Krassner with modest royalties into old age.

The Realist’s most famous article was one Mr. Krassner wrote portraying Lyndon B. Johnson as sexually penetrating a bullet wound in John F. Kennedy’s neck while accompanying the assassinated president’s body back to Washington on Air Force One. The headline of the article was “The Parts That Were Left Out of the Kennedy Book,” and it claimed — falsely — to be material that had been removed from William Manchester’s book “The Death of a President.”

“People across the country believed — if only for a moment — that an act of presidential necrophilia had taken place,” Mr. Krassner told an interviewer in 1995. “The imagery was so shocking, it broke through the notion that the war in Vietnam was being conducted by sane men.”

Avery Corman, the author of “Kramer vs. Kramer” and other books, whose first essays appeared in The Realist, called Mr. Krassner “a cultural pioneer.”

“The pieces he wrote himself and the material written by others were saying to people that what we’re told by the establishment and the media may not be true, may be distorted, and at that time that was not an accepted idea,” Mr. Corman said in a 2016 interview. “For young people trying to dope out what the world was like, being a Realist reader was a way of distinguishing yourself: ‘I’m not gullible, I’m skeptical.’”

By the 1970s, The Realist was struggling financially and being published more haphazardly; for years it did not come out at all. In the mid-1980s it was revived as a newsletter. It ceased publication in 2001.

Mr. Krassner was also the keeper of the legacy of one of his mentors, Lenny Bruce. He edited Bruce’s autobiography, “How to Talk Dirty and Influence People” (1965), and was nominated for a Grammy Award for his 5,000-word liner notes to a collection of Bruce’s nightclub routines, “Let the Buyer Beware.”

Mr. Krassner in 2009. He once said: “It’s strange to be 70 and still identify with a youth movement. But I’d rather identify with evolution than stagnation.”

Encouraged by Bruce, Mr. Krassner often took to the stage, delivering comic monologues at nightclubs like the Village Gate. He and his East Village friends also dreamed up pieces of public tomfoolery.

In one, in 1968, a group of 60 hippies chose to turn the tables on tourists streaming into the East Village to gape at its scruffy, longhaired denizens. With cameras dangling from their necks, the hippies hired a Greyhound bus for a sightseeing tour of the tidy middle-class neighborhoods of Queens.

In 1967, Mr. Krassner, Hoffman and friends formed an organization to meld hippies and earnest political types. Mr. Krassner dreamed up the name Youth International PartyYippie for short.

Their theatrical shenanigans included streaming to Washington to “levitate” the Pentagon and organizing a nighttime “yip-in” at Grand Central Terminal to celebrate spring; it drew some 3,000 revelers, prompting nightstick-swinging police officers to charge the crowd and arrest 17 as protesters yelled “Fascists!” The press seemed transfixed by their antics.

“It was mutual manipulation,” Mr. Krassner said, reflecting on his life in an interview for this obituary in 2016. “We gave them good stories and sound bites, and they gave us free publicity.”

In August 1968, the group made its way to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago and held a festival that, along with antiwar protests, prompted another police charge, this one bloodier. Television cameras caught what a national commission was to term “a police riot.” Hoffman and Rubin were among those convicted of crossing state lines to incite a riot, though those convictions were reversed on appeal. Mr. Krassner was named an un-indicted co-conspirator.

Paul Krassner was born on 9 April 1932, in Brooklyn, the second of three children. His father, Michael, was a printing compositor for The Long Island Star-Journal who had a cynical streak and, according to his son, worried about efforts by government and business “to manipulate the human mind.” His mother, Ida, who had immigrated as an infant from Russia, was a legal secretary and instilled in him the maxim “Nothing ventured, nothing gained.”

Paul was a violin prodigy, playing a Vivaldi concerto at Carnegie Hall when he was 6, but he gave up practicing regularly because he found his instructor too controlling. Still, he traced his bent for humor to that Carnegie Hall recital. When in midperformance he tried to soothe an itch in his left leg by scratching it with his right foot, the audience burst out laughing, and he realized he loved that sound more than the applause for his playing.

He was bar mitzvahed, but, he said, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima had already persuaded him to identify as an atheist. He attended the Baruch campus of City College, though he dropped out three credits short of a degree, disappointing his parents.

“They had learned by then that I was a rebel,” he said.

He was already earning money working for The Independent, a newspaper run by the anti-censorship crusader Lyle Stuart. It turned out that Mr. Stuart was also the business manager of Mad, and Mr. Krassner began writing humor pieces for it.

Mr. Stuart also gave him a list of subscribers to a small progressive magazine that was closing down, and Mr. Krassner managed to persuade 600 of those readers to buy his satirical replacement, The Realist.

An interview in the magazine with a doctor who performed abortions at a time when they were illegal led to Mr. Krassner’s first foray into serious activism. After receiving calls from women seeking information about how they, too, could obtain abortions, he set up a service to refer pregnant women to qualified doctors. He was subpoenaed by two different district attorneys but never prosecuted.

With the decline and demise of The Realist, Mr. Krassner had to scratch out a living, and eventually Social Security checks were a mainstay. He wrote columns for magazines like High Times and Adult Video News and blogs for The Huffington Post (now HuffPost). He served a short stint as publisher of Hustler. In 1994 he published a memoir, “Confessions of a Raving Unconfined Nut: Misadventures in the Counter-Culture,” which he later updated, and he also produced three collections of reminiscences about people’s experiences with marijuana, hallucinogenic mushrooms and other drugs.

Mr. Krassner’s first marriage, to Jeanne Johnson, ended in divorce. In addition to his daughter, from his first marriage, his survivors include his wife, Nancy Cain; a brother, George, and one grandchild.

In 2003, Mr. Krassner joined with others surviving Yippies to form a speakers bureau, charging several thousand dollars for talks to college audiences.

“This is the antiwar equivalent of a veterans’ group,” Mr. Krassner told The New York Times. “It’s strange to be 70 and still identify with a youth movement. But I’d rather identify with evolution than stagnation.”

Paul Krassner and Jerry Rubin share a joint in a public... 
Ed Sanders, Abbie Hoffman & Paul Krassner accuse police of harassment on 24 March 1969, during a protest at 388 E 6th Street in Manhattan. 

Saturday 27 July 2013

Newark, N.J. 2013

These photos of Newark, N.J. were taken by the photographer from The New York Times in the summer of 2013. It's good to see those Passaic River waters with a vessel actually crossing the river. I don't think I ever saw such a thing when I lived there in the 1970s. This rivers half-freezes during the winter. Gee!

Newark skyline seen from the Passaic River - Summer 2013.
homeless people under Jackson Street Bridge that links Newark to Harrison.

Sunday 9 June 2013

1970s gadgets

I remember those Panasonic radios with those funny shapes. I bought one and gave it to my sister Sandra when I traveled back to South America. Actually, I was only paying her back - an AM/FM little transistor she had lent me when I left home. I remember leaving Sandra's tiny battery radio on while I was in bed trying to sleep. I had been told recently that the human mind can keep learning a language if listening to a radio while asleep. Of course it is a dumb ideia. I guess when you 'turn off' to sleep you really turn off point blank.

Anyway I had so many funny ideas then. I thought I would be 'better' if I slept in a very hard mattress and that's what I did.

I was a little taken aback when I realized I did not understand English the way I thought I would. I started becoming desperate when I realized I could not follow the plot of a movie I was watching in those 42nd Street cinemas. I used to go to them cinemas on 42nd almost every week-end and watch whatever was on. I remember watching Woody Allen films. Even if I didn't get the plot I used to like them, especially Diane Keaton and I remember 'Bananas' so well.

So I had a good relationship with the transistor FM-radio I took to the USA with me. Actually, I remember listening to Paul McCartney's 'Uncle Albert / Admiral Halsey' looking at the mirror in the toiled of a house I lived in Newark, N.J. That must have been the 1st week I was there. It was such a marvelous experience living in a foreign country and be about to experience seeing snow for the 1st time in one's life. When one is 22 years old already.

I used to have one of these Panasonic funny radios. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzUkykfCMUQ - listen to a Chrysler's 1971 radio ad that was very popular then.

I used to shop at Korvettes on 34th Street and bought some of their brand-name cassette tapes.


26 July 1970 - this is probably the first cassette-recorder released in Brazil. I only bought my first radio-cassette-recorder in October 1972...

Saturday 4 May 2013

Attica's 1971 Prisoners' Rebellion

Inmates of Attica State prison raise their hands in clenched fist salutes Sept. 10, 1971, as they voice their demands during a negotiation session with New York's prison boss, Commissioner Russell Oswald. The Commissioner subsequently agreed to some of the 21 demands listed by prisoners.
Inmate negotiating committee with Commissioner Russell G.Oswald in D-yard, Thursday, September 9, 1971. Sitting (elbow on table, wristwatch) is Richard Clark. Half-rising is Carl El Jones. Standing (behind Jones) Herbert Blyden, Frank 'Big Black' Smith, Roger Champen, L.D. Barkley, and an unknown inmate who has broken into the negotiation.
Attica, N.Y. 9 September 1971 - Black Panther Party leader Bobby Seale, left, is flanked by state police as he enters riot-torn Attica State Correction Facility 9/11. Seale entered the maximum security prison to talk to inmates just before it was learned that a guard died as a result of injuries suffered during the 9/9 takeover.
Tom Wicker (centre) took part in the negotiations and wrote a famous book about the Attica massacre called 'Time to die'. 

read all about it:
http://jerzygirl45.wordpress.com/2011/09/09/attica-prison-riots-today-in-1971/


George Jackson, murdered at San Quentin on August 1971, was inspiration for the Attica inmates to start the Uprising...

George Jackson
I woke up this mornin’ there were tears in my bed
they killed a man I really loved, shot him through the head.
Lord, Lord, they cut George Jackson down
Lord, Lord, they laid him in the ground
Sent him off to prison for a seventy-dollar robbery
they closed the door behind him and they threw away the key.
Lord, Lord, they cut George Jackson down
Lord, Lord, they laid him in the ground
He wouldn’t take shit from no one, he wouldn’t bow down or kneel
authorities, they hated him because he was just too real.
Lord, Lord, they cut George Jackson down
Lord, Lord, they laid him in the ground
The prison guards, they watched him and they cursed him from above
but they were frightened of his power, they were scared of his love.
Lord, Lord, so they cut George Jackson down
Lord, Lord, they laid him in the ground.
Sometimes I think this whole world is one big prison yard
some of us are prisoners, some of us are guards.
Lord, Lord, they cut George Jackson down
Lord, Lord, they laid him in the ground
written & performed by Bob Dylan 
Copyright © 1971 by Ram’s Horn Music; renewed 1999 by Ram’s Horn Music
It is eerie and uncanny that such tragedies as George Jackson's death and the bloody Attica uprising have happened within 21 August and 13 September 1971. It is exactly when I was in the midst of preparing my big trip to the United States. I wouldn't have had the means to know about George Jackson's death because I didn't follow the Black Panther's activities but I remember quite well reading about the Attica uprising in a Brazilian newspaper while I was preparing myself to fly to the USA in another 2 weeks.

It is strange when I come to think about my being identified with the political Left without ever being in a political party. It must have been the result of my being religious at a young age and then going on to 'graduate' in the fight for justice and peace. 

I was concious Brazil was a bloody dictatorship even though most of Brazilians who lived in the US was apolitical. They were actually very ignorant of most things. The Brazilian junta had a censorship programme that would ban any foreign film or song that would not conform with their view of the world. So, as soon as I got to New York I wanted to see movies that had been banned by the 'pigs': Ken Russell's 'The Devils' with Vanessa Redgrave was one of such flicks that I went to see. Stanley Kubrick's 'A clockwork orange' was another. John Lennon's single 'A working class hero' had been banned too. 

Anyway, when I went to the USA in October 1971, I already had a sense of justice and I knew exactly what side of the political fence I belonged. I was glad to realize that folk-singer Joan Baez had a smash-hit with 'The night they drove Old Dixie down' playing on the New York radio stations and on juke boxes in the Ironbound, the Newark Portuguese-Hispanic ghetto. I could not believe my eyes when I saw a Brazilian bumpkin put a dime in box slot to listen to a Joan Baez song!

George Harrison had organized two big concerts in New York's Madison Square Garden to raise money to help in the terrible famine in Bangladesh due to a war of independence. Bob Dylan had been the highlight of such a concert that took place on August 1st, 1971. In November 1971, Columbia Records releases Bob Dylan's 45 rpm single 'George Jackson' about the tragic event of 21 August. I bought the single because I was a Dylan fan, but didn't know much about George Jackson himself. 


Concert for Bangladesh - Sunday, 1st of August 1971

Newark, N.J. in October 1971

I could say I arrived in the USA when things were really humming. Little did I know that my future best American friend was in midst of the hell that was happening in the Attica facilities in those September days. 

I had a cultural shock when I first arrived in the USA on 2nd October 1971. I soon realized I did not understand English as I imaged I would. Suddenly, English was like Greek or Russian to me. I had trouble ordering simple foods like 'hot-dog'. Street vendors would not understand what I said. Maybe I didn't open the vowels enough. Maybe I didn't speak loud enough. 

I couldn't follow the news anymore because I didn't understand what I heard on the radio. I used to tune my transistor radio on New York's WINS 1010 - all the news, all the time - but I hardly knew what subject-matter they were talking about. I could sort out words like 'Vietnam' or 'President Nixon'. 'Police Corruption' was, perhaps, the first words I understood coming from the radio. There must have been some 'police corruption inquiry' going on in New York in the fall of 1971. 

Maybe if I had a TV set it would have been easier to grasp the meaning but no one I knew then had a TV set in their room. Most of us lived in rented rooms, not on proper households. I had to rely on Brazilian newspapers and magazines to know what was happening in the USA. Isn't it dreadful? I eagerly waited for Thursdays for Brazilian newspapers to arrived at 'Tia' on 112 Ferry Street in the Ironbound. I usually bought daily 'Folha de S.Paulo' and 'O Pasquim' a satirical & political weekly printed in Rio de Janeiro. 

I knew the Black Panther Party existed but living in the Portuguese-Hispanic ghetto in Newark I was as far from them as from the moon. Brazilian fellows were afraid of American Blacks. They were usually from the country-side in Brazil with very little formal education and believed any crap they heard from other non-educated hicks. Some of them were so ridiculous as to believe in stories of Black men robbing poor Brazilians and even cutting off their fingers because their rings wouldn't get off their fingers. I remember a fellow warning me never to go further than Broad Street, Newark's main drag because Blacks lived on the other side and they were mean. Maybe those ignorant Brazilians heard such nonsense from immigrants who lived in Newark during the 1967 riots and those stories were exaggerated from one teller to the next.  

One of the first things I noticed when I arrived in the US in the Fall of 1971 was Blackmen's colourful clothes. The first week I arrived I bought myself a marvelous yellow hat but soon I noticed that Brazilians frowned at it so I stopped wearing it. 

Eventually I met some Black men at the record factory I worked but talking to them was next to impossible due to the language barrier. 


Attica Prison Uprising as seen by 'Jornal da Tarde' a Brazilian newspaper 


Jornal da Tarde, 14 September 1971. 

Jornal da Tarde, 16 September 1971. 


16 September 1971 - Barely 15 days before I boarded a Varig DC-10 plane towards John Kennedy Airport in New York, the Attica Uprising came to a bloody outcome... 

Little did I know I would meet one of the (former) Attica inmates that took part in the Uprising when I went to work at the Catskills in New York State in the spring and summer 1976.