Saturday, 3 May 2014

1960s & early 1970s in New Jersey


Mountclair, N.J. 
Mountclair, N.J. in the 1970s.
at the Two Guys parking lot in 1977 - Mountclair, N.J.
Mountclair, N.J. in the 1970s. 
8th Avenue in the Chelsea district; the Hotel on the right is on the corner of 22nd Street; the car is a Cadillac 1973, so it must be late December 1972.


Monday, 3 March 2014

'Tia' Eugênia's newsagency at 112 Ferry Street, Newark, N.J.


Myself & Kuwenderson Walck photo from a 'selfie' machine. 
During the 1970s, Tia Eugênia's newsagency at 112 Ferry Street in the Ironbound section of Newark, NJ, was a key gathering spot for the burgeoning Brazilian community. 
  • Role in Community: The newsagency acted as a crucial hub where Brazilian immigrants, or "Brazucas," would meet, catch up on news, and connect with others in the area, often gathering there on hot summer days.
  • Cultural Hub: Described as a staple of the 1970s "Brazilian scene" in Newark, it was a familiar landmark for new arrivals looking to settle in the U.S..
  • Location: The shop was located at 112 Ferry St, Newark, NJ 07105.
The area was noted in personal recollections as a place where many, including young Brazilian men, hung out and built community in the 1970s. For more on this, check out the firsthand account in this blog post, "Three Brazilian lads sharing a flat on Wilson Avenue". 
For more context on the era, read the blog post Ironbound in the 1970s - Newark N.J. 1970s. 


Tuesday, 17 December 2013

Newark's BRAZUCAS' origins



Brazucas, U.S.A.

Not even in my wildest dream had I ever imagined - when I first thought about moving to the U.S.A. - that I would live in an American city where I could go down Main Street and meet fellows who spoke my own language. Not even in São Paulo I would see so many familiar faces on the streets as in Newark, N.J. I should add that 'Main Street' here is none other than Ferry Street in the Ironbound, Newark, N.J. in the early 1970s. 

The Ironbound section of Newark, N.J. had been chosen by Portuguese migrants  who abandoned the Massachusetts industrial area around Boston whose shoemaking industry was in decline circa 1910.  

Coisa que eu nunca esperava quando planejei ir p’ros U.S.A. é que eu viveria numa cidade norte-americana onde, andando pelas ruas, encontraria fulano, sicrano e beltrano que já era seu conhecido, além de conterrâneo. Nem no próprio Brasil, pelo menos na cidade de São Paulo, a gente tem essa experiência. Isso só acontece em cidade do interior. Newark, de-repente, era uma cidade-do-interior, onde você desce a Ferry Street e diz ‘Oi’, ‘Tudo bem?’ e coisas afins.

A brasileirada gostava de conversar sobre como chegara aos Estados Unidos. Naquele tempo ainda não havia casos de gente atravessando a fronteira mexicana à nado, dentro de porta-malas de carros ou caminhando pelo deserto do Arizona, como nos dias de hoje.  Aquele tempo era mais civilizado que agora. A maioria dos brazucas tinha chegado aos EUA de avião e gostava de citar nomes de companhias aéreas, que naquele tempo eram principalmente a Braniff International e Aerolineas Peruanas. Essa última era famosa por ser a mais barata e fuleira. Diziam que algumas família traziam até galinhas. Obviamente isso era apenas força-de-expressão, para caracterizar a ‘carrier’ como ‘pau-de-arara’ aéreo.

A maioria dos brasileiros era composta de mineiros, isso não há duvidas. De-repente a gente começava a distinguir nomes de várias cidades mineiras, como Governador Valadares, com seu contingente esmagador, Belo Horizonte, sua capital, e outras cidades que ‘popped up in conversations’. 

Surpreendente também foi a constatação do número de paraenses que viviam por lá. Conheci vários paraenses e sempre fiquei encafifado, querendo saber a razão disso. Foi preciso o aparecimento da Internet para eu, finalmente, inferir a razão dos paraenses terem sido os primeiros brasileiros a imigrarem para essa região.

Origem dos portugueses de Newark, N.J.

A presença de portugueses em Newark vem das décadas de 1910 e 1920, quando houve uma debandada deles de Massachusetts e outros estados de New England (Nova Inglaterra), cuja indústria de calçados  estava em declínio. Os sapateiros lusos mudaram-se em bandos para a região de Newark, N.J. para trabalhar numa industria diversificada em expansão.

Origem dos brasileiros de Newark, N.J.

O português Daniel Albino Rodrigues e sua mulher Elvira, chegaram em Newark em 1925. Eles vinham de Belém, do Pará, onde trabalharam na indústria da borracha, que entrara em decadência. Desembarcaram nas docas do Brooklyn-NY, que era onde a borracha brasileira era descarregada, e vieram se juntar aos portugueses oriundos de Massachusets, que haviam se estabelecido em Newark 15 anos antes. 

Ora, não precisa de muita inteligência para inferir que os Rodrigues eram conhecidos de vários paraenses que fizeram o mesmo caminho que o casal. Portanto aí está a explicação do porque os paraenses serem os primeiros brasileiros a povoar a comunidade dos ‘futuros brazucas’ de Newark.  

Daniel 'Albino' & Elvira construíram uma casa para si na 91 McWhorter Street, em 1946, e viveram lá até seus falecimentos na década de 80.

os nomes dos pioneiros Daniel Albino e Elvira Rodrigues se transformaram em nome de praça em Newark, N.J. 

leia mais sobre o assunto: http://newarkhistory.com/mcwhorterst.html

Most of the Portuguese in Newark immigrated in the 1950s or after, yet, the Ironbound has had a substantial Portuguese presence since the 1910s-1920s, when Portuguese immigrants fled the declining shoe industry in New England to find work in booming industrial Newark.

91 McWhorter Street was the home of Dan and Elvira Rodrigues, "the Mayor and Mayoress of McWhorter Street." Daniel "Albino" Rodrigues came to Newark in 1925 at age 23, from Portugal by way of the Brooklyn docks and the rubber industry of Brazil. He and Elvira ran Dan's Friendly Oil Service in the Ironbound. They built this house themselves in 1946 and lived here until they died in the 1980s.

Dan and Elvira were very community spirited. In 1959, Dan & Elvira set sail for Portugal carrying 66 trunks of clothing for the poor. Elvira was active in the Democratic party, registering thousands of new Americans as first time voters. Dan was a trustee of the Newark Public Library.

McWhorter Street was named after the Rev. Dr. Alexander McWhorter, the Scotch-Irish pastor of the Old First Presbyterian Church. McWhorter was a supporter of the American Revolution, a historian of Newark, and the organizer of Newark's first July 4th parade, held back in 1788.
Avião da PanAm sobrevoa a cidade de Belém-PA circa 1952. Belém era escala obrigatória de aviões provenientes do Rio, Montevideo ou Buenos Aires dirigindo-se aos Estados Unidos.

Manhattan calling!

Desde o início de meu plano de ir morar nos EEUU, eu pensava que meu destino final seria a ilha de Manhattan, que é New York propriamente dito. Mas o destino, pelas mãos de dona Lícia, me jogou algumas milhas à oeste de tal paraíso. 

Cheguei nos U.S.A. num sábado, 2 Outubro 1971. No final do dia eu já estava estabelecido num quarto, que dividia com um português que tinha chegado do Brasil 2 semanas antes que eu. Tendo dormido o sono dos justos, no domingo de manhã, acordei com muito entusiasmo, pois queria continuar minha 'inspeção' da Ilha de Manhattan, que tinha visto muito pouco no sábado. 

Não podia perder um minuto. Logo de manhã desci a Wilson Avenue, entrei na Ferry Street até lá em baixo e peguei o ônibus, que saía de debaixo das linhas férreas da Pennsylvania Station de Newark, que cruzam a Market Street. O preço do ônibus era 2 dólares e alguns centavos; eu não sabia que existia o trem PATH, que custava 4 vezes menos que o ônibus. 

Mas, ir para Manhattan de ônibus era muito gostoso, pois corria-se por estradas aéreas, e a paisagem era da mais interessante, pois, sendo outono, as cores das árvores eram de avermelhadas a amareladas, até chegarem a um marrom forte e daí, as folhas caírem mortas no chão. Sempre um espetáculo aos olhos a mudança outonal de cores das árvores.

Depois da New Jersey Turnpike o ônibus entra no Lincoln Tunnel, atravessando o rio Hudson por debaixo, para já subir pela rampa até o 4o. andar do Port Authority Bus Terminal. Deixando o ônibus, desce-se várias escadas-rolantes até a Eighth Avenue com 41st Street, anda-se um pouquinho à esquerda e já entra-se no burburinho da 42nd Street.   

Tudo isso era uma festa para os meus quatro sentidos. Na 42nd Street anda-se um quarteirão até a 7th Avenue & Broadway, e você já está em Times Square. Isso era festa para minha alma. Dobrando-se à direita vai-se em direção ao Empire State Building, na 34th Street. Dobrando-se à esquerda v. vai dar no Rockfeller Center, 46th Street e Central Park. Como diz a musica: ‘they say the neon lights are bright on Broadway / they say there's always magic in the air’. Neon lights por todos os lugares.  As luzinhas piscando nas marquises dos cinemas da 42nd Street. 

Me lembro que certa tarde amena e ensolarada, talvez ainda em outubro, fui até o Central Park. Sentei-me por lá para apreciar a paisagem. Havia um rapaz norte-americano por perto, vestido num casaco de exército alemão, ouvindo um aparelho de som. Eu comentei alguma coisa sobre os Rolling Stones, já que estava tocando ‘Brown sugar’. O rapaz, que talvez não quisesse conversa, foi irônico e comentou algo que os Stones eram os melhores do mundo. Logo em seguida tocou ‘Wild horses’, linda balada que eu ainda não conhecia.  Notei que havia uma relutância da parte dele em admitir que eu, sendo um ‘estrangeiro escuro e ignorante’, pudesse gostar do ‘supra-sumo’ do rock-branco. De-repente passou um helicóptero por perto, ele o apontou e perguntou se existia helicópteros no meu país de origem, com deliberada intenção de me rebaixar. Depois disso ficou bem claro que o desdém inicial dele havia se transformado em quase agressão, algo que eu experimentaria inúmeras vezes em minha estada por lá. Esse foi meu primeiro contacto com o preconceito e a intolerância racial dos norte-americanos brancos. Foi meu ‘batismo’ na terra do Tio Sam, onde Igualdade é uma palavra que só existe escrita na Constituição ou livros de filosofia, pois Igualdade, na verdade é um mito. 

Mesmo assim eu não esmoreci. Caminhando pela Eighth Avenue eu passei por uma loja de disco e comprei o LP ‘Parsely, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme’, de Simon & Garfunkel, pois eu achava a capa bem bonita. Toda vez que ia a Manhattan eu comprava um LP. Um luxo que eu não podia fazer no Brasil. 

Nessas primeiras semanas eu fui assistir ao documentário ‘Gimme shelter’, dos Rolling Stones, onde o Mick Jagger cantava justamente ‘Wild horses’, uma musica muito linda, realmente.  Foi num daqueles cinemas da 3rd ou 1st Avenue, que são mais ‘chics’.

Na segunda-feira, dia 4 de Outubro 1971, eu conheci os outros três moradores do quarto contíguo ao nosso.
McWhorter & Lafayette Street.
90 McWhorter Street - the house Daniel and Elvira lived since the 1920s.
Within the red circle are McWhorter & Hamilton Streets. The smaller red circle on the right is 112 Ferry Street, where Tia Eugênia used to have her newsagency, a point of congregation of Brazilian expats in the late 60s & early 70s. 
This is Hamilton Street, one of the last brick streets in Newark. Another brick street is North End, which was featured in On Broadway.

In Phillip Roth's 'American Pastoral', Merry Levov, a 1960s terrorist, eventually renounces all violence, becomes a Jain, and settles here on Hamilton Street.
a larger map of the area where one can see Independence Park aka Mosquito Park by Brazilians who lived in the vicinity. 

Saturday, 27 July 2013

Hackensack in the 1950s & Newark, N.J. 2013

Hackensack's Main Street having an old-car parade in the 1950s. 
Newark skyline seen from the Passaic River - Summer 2013.
Homeless people under Jackson Street Bridge that links Newark to Harrison.These photos were taken by a The New York Times' photographer in the summer of 2013. It's good to see those Passaic River waters with a vessel actually crossing the river. I don't think I ever saw such a thing when I lived there in the 1970s. This rivers half-freezes during the winter. Gee!

Sunday, 9 June 2013

1970s gadgets

I remember those Panasonic radios with those funny shapes. I bought one and gave it to my sister Sandra when I traveled back to South America. Actually, I was only paying her back - an AM/FM little transistor she had lent me when I left home. I remember leaving Sandra's tiny battery radio on while I was in bed trying to sleep. I had been told recently that the human mind can keep learning a language if listening to a radio while asleep. Of course it is a dumb ideia. I guess when you 'turn off' to sleep you really turn off point blank.

Anyway I had so many funny ideas then. I thought I would be 'better' if I slept in a very hard mattress and that's what I did.

I was a little taken aback when I realized I did not understand English the way I thought I would. I started becoming desperate when I realized I could not follow the plot of a movie I was watching in those 42nd Street cinemas. I used to go to them cinemas on 42nd almost every week-end and watch whatever was on. I remember watching Woody Allen films. Even if I didn't get the plot I used to like them, especially Diane Keaton and I remember 'Bananas' so well.

So I had a good relationship with the transistor FM-radio I took to the USA with me. Actually, I remember listening to Paul McCartney's 'Uncle Albert / Admiral Halsey' looking at the mirror in the toiled of a house I lived in Newark, N.J. That must have been the 1st week I was there. It was such a marvelous experience living in a foreign country and be about to experience seeing snow for the 1st time in one's life. When one is 22 years old already.

I used to have one of these Panasonic funny radios. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzUkykfCMUQ - listen to a Chrysler's 1971 radio ad that was very popular then.

I used to shop at Korvettes on 34th Street and bought some of their brand-name cassette tapes.


26 July 1970 - this is probably the first cassette-recorder released in Brazil. I only bought my first radio-cassette-recorder in October 1972...

Saturday, 4 May 2013

Attica's 1971 Prisoners' Rebellion

Inmates of Attica State prison raise their hands in clenched fist salutes Sept. 10, 1971, as they voice their demands during a negotiation session with New York's prison boss, Commissioner Russell Oswald. The Commissioner subsequently agreed to some of the 21 demands listed by prisoners.
Inmate negotiating committee with Commissioner Russell G.Oswald in D-yard, Thursday, September 9, 1971. Sitting (elbow on table, wristwatch) is Richard Clark. Half-rising is Carl El Jones. Standing (behind Jones) Herbert Blyden, Frank 'Big Black' Smith, Roger Champen, L.D. Barkley, and an unknown inmate who has broken into the negotiation.
Attica, N.Y. 9 September 1971 - Black Panther Party leader Bobby Seale, left, is flanked by state police as he enters riot-torn Attica State Correction Facility 9/11. Seale entered the maximum security prison to talk to inmates just before it was learned that a guard died as a result of injuries suffered during the 9/9 takeover.
Tom Wicker (centre) took part in the negotiations and wrote a famous book about the Attica massacre called 'Time to die'. 

read all about it:
http://jerzygirl45.wordpress.com/2011/09/09/attica-prison-riots-today-in-1971/


George Jackson, murdered at San Quentin on August 1971, was inspiration for the Attica inmates to start the Uprising...

George Jackson
I woke up this mornin’ there were tears in my bed
they killed a man I really loved, shot him through the head.
Lord, Lord, they cut George Jackson down
Lord, Lord, they laid him in the ground
Sent him off to prison for a seventy-dollar robbery
they closed the door behind him and they threw away the key.
Lord, Lord, they cut George Jackson down
Lord, Lord, they laid him in the ground
He wouldn’t take shit from no one, he wouldn’t bow down or kneel
authorities, they hated him because he was just too real.
Lord, Lord, they cut George Jackson down
Lord, Lord, they laid him in the ground
The prison guards, they watched him and they cursed him from above
but they were frightened of his power, they were scared of his love.
Lord, Lord, so they cut George Jackson down
Lord, Lord, they laid him in the ground.
Sometimes I think this whole world is one big prison yard
some of us are prisoners, some of us are guards.
Lord, Lord, they cut George Jackson down
Lord, Lord, they laid him in the ground
written & performed by Bob Dylan 
Copyright © 1971 by Ram’s Horn Music; renewed 1999 by Ram’s Horn Music
It is eerie and uncanny that such tragedies as George Jackson's death and the bloody Attica uprising have happened within 21 August and 13 September 1971. It is exactly when I was in the midst of preparing my big trip to the United States. I wouldn't have had the means to know about George Jackson's death because I didn't follow the Black Panther's activities but I remember quite well reading about the Attica uprising in a Brazilian newspaper while I was preparing myself to fly to the USA in another 2 weeks.

It is strange when I come to think about my being identified with the political Left without ever being in a political party. It must have been the result of my being religious at a young age and then going on to 'graduate' in the fight for justice and peace. 

I was concious Brazil was a bloody dictatorship even though most of Brazilians who lived in the US was apolitical. They were actually very ignorant of most things. The Brazilian junta had a censorship programme that would ban any foreign film or song that would not conform with their view of the world. So, as soon as I got to New York I wanted to see movies that had been banned by the 'pigs': Ken Russell's 'The Devils' with Vanessa Redgrave was one of such flicks that I went to see. Stanley Kubrick's 'A clockwork orange' was another. John Lennon's single 'A working class hero' had been banned too. 

Anyway, when I went to the USA in October 1971, I already had a sense of justice and I knew exactly what side of the political fence I belonged. I was glad to realize that folk-singer Joan Baez had a smash-hit with 'The night they drove Old Dixie down' playing on the New York radio stations and on juke boxes in the Ironbound, the Newark Portuguese-Hispanic ghetto. I could not believe my eyes when I saw a Brazilian bumpkin put a dime in box slot to listen to a Joan Baez song!

George Harrison had organized two big concerts in New York's Madison Square Garden to raise money to help in the terrible famine in Bangladesh due to a war of independence. Bob Dylan had been the highlight of such a concert that took place on August 1st, 1971. In November 1971, Columbia Records releases Bob Dylan's 45 rpm single 'George Jackson' about the tragic event of 21 August. I bought the single because I was a Dylan fan, but didn't know much about George Jackson himself. 


Concert for Bangladesh - Sunday, 1st of August 1971

Newark, N.J. in October 1971

I could say I arrived in the USA when things were really humming. Little did I know that my future best American friend was in midst of the hell that was happening in the Attica facilities in those September days. 

I had a cultural shock when I first arrived in the USA on 2nd October 1971. I soon realized I did not understand English as I imaged I would. Suddenly, English was like Greek or Russian to me. I had trouble ordering simple foods like 'hot-dog'. Street vendors would not understand what I said. Maybe I didn't open the vowels enough. Maybe I didn't speak loud enough. 

I couldn't follow the news anymore because I didn't understand what I heard on the radio. I used to tune my transistor radio on New York's WINS 1010 - all the news, all the time - but I hardly knew what subject-matter they were talking about. I could sort out words like 'Vietnam' or 'President Nixon'. 'Police Corruption' was, perhaps, the first words I understood coming from the radio. There must have been some 'police corruption inquiry' going on in New York in the fall of 1971. 

Maybe if I had a TV set it would have been easier to grasp the meaning but no one I knew then had a TV set in their room. Most of us lived in rented rooms, not on proper households. I had to rely on Brazilian newspapers and magazines to know what was happening in the USA. Isn't it dreadful? I eagerly waited for Thursdays for Brazilian newspapers to arrived at 'Tia' on 112 Ferry Street in the Ironbound. I usually bought daily 'Folha de S.Paulo' and 'O Pasquim' a satirical & political weekly printed in Rio de Janeiro. 

I knew the Black Panther Party existed but living in the Portuguese-Hispanic ghetto in Newark I was as far from them as from the moon. Brazilian fellows were afraid of American Blacks. They were usually from the country-side in Brazil with very little formal education and believed any crap they heard from other non-educated hicks. Some of them were so ridiculous as to believe in stories of Black men robbing poor Brazilians and even cutting off their fingers because their rings wouldn't get off their fingers. I remember a fellow warning me never to go further than Broad Street, Newark's main drag because Blacks lived on the other side and they were mean. Maybe those ignorant Brazilians heard such nonsense from immigrants who lived in Newark during the 1967 riots and those stories were exaggerated from one teller to the next.  

One of the first things I noticed when I arrived in the US in the Fall of 1971 was Blackmen's colourful clothes. The first week I arrived I bought myself a marvelous yellow hat but soon I noticed that Brazilians frowned at it so I stopped wearing it. 

Eventually I met some Black men at the record factory I worked but talking to them was next to impossible due to the language barrier. 


Attica Prison Uprising as seen by 'Jornal da Tarde' a Brazilian newspaper 


Jornal da Tarde, 14 September 1971. 

Jornal da Tarde, 16 September 1971. 


16 September 1971 - Barely 15 days before I boarded a Varig DC-10 plane towards John Kennedy Airport in New York, the Attica Uprising came to a bloody outcome... 

Little did I know I would meet one of the (former) Attica inmates that took part in the Uprising when I went to work at the Catskills in New York State in the spring and summer 1976.